Qaṭ’ī-Dzannī keharaman Riba dan Bunga Bank: Kajian Heuristik Terhadap Ayat-Ayat Riba
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Ribā, Bunga Bank, Pendekatan Heuristik, Maqāṣid asy-Syarī'ah, Tafsir Al-Qur'an
Abstract
Larangan ribā merupakan prinsip fundamental dalam hukum Islam yang ditegaskan secara eksplisit dalam sejumlah ayat Al-Qur’an. Namun, penerapannya terhadap bunga bank dalam sistem keuangan modern menimbulkan perdebatan hukum dan sosial yang kompleks. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji sifat qaṭ’ī larangan ribā dalam Al-Qur’an serta menganalisis relevansi dan status hukum bunga bank melalui pendekatan heuristik. Metode yang digunakan meliputi analisis linguistik terhadap struktur dan diksi ayat, kajian historis melalui asbāb an-nuzūl, analisis koherensi tematik (munāsabah), serta pendekatan yurisprudensial terhadap ragam pandangan ulama klasik dan kontemporer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa larangan ribā bersifat mutlak dalam teks, namun penerapannya terhadap bunga bank berada pada wilayah ẓannī yang menuntut ijtihād kontekstual. Studi ini juga menemukan bahwa perbedaan pendekatan hukum, kesiapan kelembagaan, serta literasi masyarakat menjadi faktor kunci keberhasilan sistem keuangan Islam yang bebas riba. Pendekatan heuristik terbukti efektif dalam menjembatani antara idealisme normatif dan realitas ekonomi kontemporer, sekaligus memperkuat pentingnya maqāṣid asy-syarī‘ah sebagai orientasi etik dalam pengembangan keuangan syariah.
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