Legal and Ethical Interpretation of Blasphemy Cases in Indonesia: A Ma'na-cum-Maghza Perspective
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religious blasphemy; legal interpretation; hermeneutics; ma’na-cum-maghza; significance
Abstract
The phenomenon of religious blasphemy cases in Indonesia, including the cases of Sukmawati and Meiliana, which are the focal points of this study, has raised concerns and garnered serious attention, even from academics. Accusations in cases of religious blasphemy are almost invariably based on interpretations of QS. al-Tauba [9]: 64-66. Therefore, this article aims to explore the alignment between these cases and the meanings contained within QS. al-Tauba [9]: 64-66 from legal and ethical perspectives. The data in this article are based on legal documents, books of Quranic exegesis, academic journal articles, reports from Human Rights Watch, and several national online news sources. Data collection techniques involved literature studies and case observations via the internet. The blasphemy cases accused against Sukmawati and Meiliana are described within the context of Indonesian law and analyzed using the ma’na-cum-maghza theory. This article concludes that the actions taken by Sukmawati and Meiliana were wrong and unethical. However, their actions cannot be categorized as criminal offenses. Based on the analysis of QS. al-Tauba [9]: 64-65, blasphemy does not fall into the category of criminal acts, but rather an ethical violation whose legal sanctions are in the hands of God, not humans. Thus, this article offers a new perspective on the interpretation and understanding of the term blasphemy.
Kasus penistaan agama yang banyak terjadi di Indonesia, termasuk kasus Sukmawati dan Meiliana yang menjadi fokus kajian ini, telah menimbulkan kekhawatiran dan mendapatkan perhatian serius, bahkan dari akademisi. Tuduhan terhadap kasus penistaan agama tersebut hampir selalu didasarkan pada hasil penafsiran atas QS. al-Tauba [9]: 64-66. Oleh karena itu, artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi kesesuaian antara kasus-kasus tersebut dengan makna yang terkandung dalam QS. al-Tauba [9]: 64-66 dari sudut pandang hukum dan etik. Data-data dalam artikel ini didasarkan pada dokumen hukum, kitab-kitab tafsir Al-Quran, artikel jurnal, laporan organisasi Human Right Watch dan beberapa sumber berita daring nasional. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi literatur dan observasi kasus melalui internet. Kasus penistaan agama yang dituduhkan kepada Sukmawati dan Meiliana dideskripsikan dalam konteks hukum Indonesia dan dianalisis menggunakan teori ma’na-cum-maghza. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa apa yang dilakukan oleh Sukmawati dan Meiliana merupakan suatu tindakan yang salah dan tidak beretika. Namun demikian, tindakan keduanya tidaklah bisa dikategorikan sebagai tindakan pidana. Sebab, berdasarkan analisis atas QS. al-Tauba [9]: 64-65, penistaan agama tidaklah masuk kategori tindakan pidana, melainkan sebuah pelanggaran etika yang sanksi hukumnya berada di tangan Tuhan, bukan manusia. Dengan demikian, artikel ini memberikan perspektif baru terkait penafsiran dan pemahaman terhadap istilah penistaan agama.
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