Evaluasi Maqāṣidī terhadap Fatwa DSN-MUI No. 116/IX/2017 tentang Uang Elektronik Syariah
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Islamic Law, Fatwa DSN-MUI, uang elektronik syariah, maqāṣid asy-syarī‘ah, ḥifẓ al-māl, akad ganda
Abstract
Abstract: The rapid development of digital payment systems has increased the demand for financial instruments that comply with Islamic law, including Sharia-compliant electronic money. DSN-MUI Fatwa No. 116/IX/2017 was issued as a normative response to this demand, but it presents several issues related to contract ambiguity, fund protection, and transparency. This study aims to evaluate the fatwa using the maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah framework developed by al-Imām al-Shāṭibī, focusing on the principles of ḥifẓ al-māl (wealth protection), al-‘adl (principle of justice), and al-maṣlaḥah (public interest). The method employed is normative-qualitative analysis through a juridical-philosophical approach, based on literature review of the fatwa document, al-Muwāfaqāt, and related fiqh and financial regulations. The results reveal that the dual-contract model (wadī‘ah and qarḍ) permitted in the fatwa potentially creates legal ambiguity and undermines user rights, especially in the absence of clear transparency and education mechanisms. Therefore, the fatwa requires operational strengthening and regulatory harmonization with financial authorities to ensure a fair, secure, and Sharia-compliant digital financial system.
Abstrak: Pertumbuhan sistem pembayaran digital menuntut hadirnya instrumen keuangan yang sesuai dengan prinsip syariah, salah satunya adalah uang elektronik syariah. Fatwa DSN-MUI No. 116/IX/2017 hadir sebagai respons normatif atas perkembangan tersebut, namun mengandung sejumlah isu problematis terkait kejelasan akad, perlindungan dana pengguna, dan prinsip transparansi. Artikel ini bertujuan mengevaluasi fatwa tersebut dengan menggunakan pendekatan teori maqāṣid asy-syarī‘ah yang dikembangkan oleh al-Imām asy-Syāṭibī, dengan fokus pada prinsip ḥifẓ al-māl, keadilan (al-‘adl), dan kemaslahatan (al-maṣlaḥah). Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis normatif-kualitatif dengan pendekatan yuridis-filosofis berbasis studi pustaka terhadap dokumen fatwa, kitab al-Muwāfaqāt, serta sumber fikih dan regulasi keuangan yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan akad ganda (wadī‘ah dan qarḍ) dalam fatwa tersebut membuka ruang ambiguitas hukum dan potensi pelanggaran hak pengguna, terutama jika tidak disertai mekanisme edukasi dan transparansi yang memadai. Oleh karena itu, fatwa ini perlu diperkuat dengan pedoman operasional yang lebih detail serta harmonisasi regulatif dengan otoritas keuangan demi menciptakan sistem keuangan syariah digital yang adil, aman, dan maslahat.
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