Khalwat Marriage Adat and Practices in Aceh: A Study on Adat Sanctions and Settlement Process of Khalwat Case
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14421/ajish.v54i2.919
Abstract views: 624
PDF downloads: 424
Keywords:
Aceh, adat law, adat sanction, khalwat marriageAbstract
Abstract: The study analyzes one of the traditions still underway in Aceh province, khalwat marriage. A khalwat marriage is a form of forced marriage as for khalwat offenders (those who are dating in a secluded place). The khalwat marriage itself is known to lead to some negative effects because many khalwat marriage couples were underage. Moreover, khalwat marriages arevalso not officially registered, and many couples decide to divorce soon after the wedding takes place. The paper attempts to investigate the reasons why adat law is still upheld vigorously in Aceh and why marriage is aplied as a adat sanction for khalwat offenders. To analyze and answer these questions, the researcher studied some essential works related to the application of adat law in Aceh and conducted some field observations and interview with some key informants. Using the sociological-anthropological approach, this research made the following conclusions: first, there has been a strict adat law enforcement in Aceh given the juridical support, sociological, and philosophical foundations. Second, some arguments to support the enforcement of forced marriage as adat sanction for khalwat offenders are: (1) the sanction is a form of tradition applied for a long time, (2) the sanction is applied as a way to preserve women’s marwah or dignity and her family, (3) the sanction is applied to uphold religious orders and this is the most fundamental sanction applied for khalwat offenders, and (4) the sanction serves as the extension of Qanun (Aceh Sharia Law) which applies only in certain regions.
Abstrak: Tulisan ini mengkaji salah satu tradisi yang hingga kini masih terus berlangsung di Aceh, yakni pernikahan Khalwat. Pernikahan Khalwat merupakan bentuk sanksi adat bagi pelaku tindakan khalwat. Pernikahan khalwat itu sendiri memiliki sejumlah sisi negaif karena banyak di antara pasangan pernikahan Khalwat tersebut masih berada di bawah umur. Selain itu, pernikahan Khalwat juga sering tidak dicatatkan dan bahwa tidak sedikit dari pasangan pernikahan Khalwat yang memutuskan untuk bercerai tidak lama setelah proses pernikahan dilangsungkan. Tulisan ini berupaya menyelidiki penyebab mengapa hukum adat ini masih begitu kuat diberlakukan di Aceh dan mengapa pernikahan dijadikan sebagai sanksi bagi pelaku khalwat. Untuk mengkaji, menganalisis dan menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, peneliti telah menelaah sejumlah karya penting terkait pemberlakuan hukum adat di Aceh dan juga terjun langsung ke lapangan guna melakukan observasi dan mewawancarai sejumlah informan kunci. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan sosiologi-antropologi, diperolehlah kesimpulan: pertama, kuatnya hukum adat di Aceh karena ia didukung dan memiliki dasar yuridis, sosiologis, dan juga filosofis. Kedua, ada sejumlah argumen yang mendasari dijadikannya pernikahan sebagai sanksi Khalwat: (1) pemberian sanksi tersebut merupakan suatu tradisi yang telah diberlakukan sejak lama di Aceh; (2) untuk menjaga marwah atau kehormatan perempuan dan keluarganya, (3) menjalankan perintah agama dan ini merupakan faktor paling mendasar atas berlakunya sanksi Khalwat, dan (4) sebagai perpanjangan pelaksanaan Qanun Aceh yang keberlakuannya masih terbatas hanya pada wilayah tertentu saja.
References
Abbas, Syahrizal. Persepsi Masyarakat terhadap Pelaksanaan Syari'at Islam di Aceh. Banda Aceh: Dinas Syariat Islam, 2014.
Abdullah, Taufik. ‘Adat and Islam: An Examination of Conflict in Minangkabau’, Indonesia No. 2 (1966).
Abubakar, Al Yasa’. Paradigma Kebijakan dan Kegiatan. Edisi Revisi. Banda Aceh: Dinas Syari'at Islam, 2015.
Bowen, John R. "Elaborating Scriptures: Cain and Abel in Gayo Society"'. Man, Vol. 27, No. 3 (1992).
__________. Islam, Law, and Equality in Indonesia: An Anthropology of Public Reasoning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
__________. Muslims through Discourse: Religion and Ritual in Gayo Society. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1993.
__________. "The Transformation of an Indonesian Property System: Adat, Islam, and Social Change in the Gayo Highlands." American Ethnologist, Vol. 15, No. 2 (1988).
__________. A New Anthropology of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Bustamam-Ahmad, Kamaruzzaman. ‘A Study of Panglima La’ot: An Adat Institution in Aceh’. Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 55, No. 1 (2017).
Djatmika, Rahmat. “Jalan Mencari Hukum Islam: Upaya ke Arah Pemahaman Metodologi Ijtihad”, dalam Prospek Hukum Islam dalam Kerangka Pembangunan Hukum Nasional di Indonesia. Jakarta: PP-IKAHA, 1994.
Gallop, Annabel The. Gold, Silver and Lapis Lazuli; Royal Letters from Aceh in the Seventeenth Century, ed. by Patrick Daly and Anthony Reid R. Michael Feener. Leiden: KITLV Press, 2011.
Geertz, Clifford. "Ritual and Social Change: A Javanese Example." American Anthropologist, Vol. 59, No. 1 (1957).
__________. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
__________. The Religion of Java. New York: Free Press, 1964.
Haar, B. Ter. Adat Law In Indonesia. Jakarta: Bhratara, 1962.
Hadi, Amirul. Aceh: Sejarah, Budaya Dan Tradisi. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2010.
__________. Aceh and The Portuguese: A Study of The Struggle of Islam in Southeast Asia 1500-1579. Canada: McGill University, 1992.
__________. Islam and State in Sumatra: A Study of Seventeenth-Century Aceh, ed. by Wadad Kadi And and Rotraud Wielandt. Leiden: Brill, 2004.
Halim, Al Yasa’ Abubakar & Marah. Hukum Pidana Islam di Aceh: Penafsiran dan Pedoman Pelaksanaan Qanun tentang Perbuatan Pidana, 2nd edn. Banda Aceh: Dinas Syariat Islam, 2011.
Holleman, J. F. (ed.). VAn Vollenhoven on Indonesian Adat Law. Berlin: Springer Science + Business Media, 1981.
Hurgronje, C. Snouck. The Achehnese. Leiden: Brill, 1906.
Kahn, Joel S. "Sumatran Politics and Poetics: Gayo History: Gayo History, 1900-1989. John R. Bowen (ed.). AnthroSource: American Ethnologist Vol. 19, No. 4 (1992).
Lukito, Ratno. Islamic Law and Adat Encounter: The Experience Of Indonesia. Canada: McGill University, 1997.
__________. Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging The Unbridgeable. London: Routledge, 2013.
Hooker, M.B. Adat Law in Modern Indonesia. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1978.
Masruhan. “Positivisasi Hukum Islam pada Masa Penjajahan hingga Masa Orde Baru”. Al-Hukama: The Indonesian Journal of Islamic Family Law Vol. 1, No. 1, Des, 2011.
Muhammad, Rusjdi Ali. Revitalisasi Syariat Islam di Aceh: Problem, Solusi dan Implementasi. Jakarta: Logos, 2003.
__________ & Khairizzaman. Konstelasi Syariat Islam di Era Global. Banda Aceh: Dinas Syariat Islam, 2012.
Murdan. "Harmonisasi Hukum Adat, Agama, dan Negara dalam Budaya Perkawinan Masyarakat Islam Indonesia’. Asy-Syir’ah: Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah dan Hukum Vol. 50. No. 2 (2016).
Nurish, Amanah. Agama Jawa: Setengah Abad Pasca-Clifford Geertz. Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2019.
Otto, Benjamin, and Jan Michiel Otto. Shari'a Police in Banda Aceh: Enforcement of Islam-based Regulations and People's Perceptions, ed. by R. Michael Feener and Annemarie Kloos, David dan Samuels. Leiden: Brill, 2016.
Rizki, Wahyu Fahrul. "Hukum Adat di Aceh: Dialektika Praktik Pernikahan dan Khalwat’. Ulûmuna: Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 6.1 (2020).
__________. "Pernikahan sebagai Sanksi Khalwat: Studi Kasus Desa Batu Bedulang, Bandar Pusaka, Aceh Tamiang", Al-Ahwal: Hukum Keluarga Islam Vol. 1, No. 10 (2018).
Salim, Arskal. "Politics, Criminal Justice and Islamisation in Aceh," Presented at the ALC Occasional. Melbourne Law School: University of Melbourne, 2009.
Schacht, Joseph. An Introduction to Islamic Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982.
Schenk, Christine G. "Islamic Leaders and the Legal Geography of Family Law in Aceh, Indonesia." The Geographical Journal Vol. 184, No. 1 (2018).
__________. "Legal and Spatial Ordering in Aceh, Indonesia: Inscribing the Security of Female Bodies Into Law." The Geographical Journal Vol. 51, No. 5 (2019).
Siegel, James T. The Rope of God. California: University of California Press, 1969.
Sopian, Najmu L., 'Informal Dispute Resolution Based On Adat Law: A Case Study of Land Dispute In Flores, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia". Indonesia Law Review Vol. 5, No. 2 (2015).
Thalib, Sayuti, Reception A Contrario. Jakarta: Bina Aksara. 1980.
Tibi, Bassam. Islamism and Islam. London: Yale University Press, 2012.
Wanto, Adri. "Sharia, Two Sides Of The Same Coin: The Contradictions Between Sharia and Adat: Case Studies of Minangkabau's Matrilineal and Land Tenure System. Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan Vol. 25, No. 1 (2017).
Zaelani. “Hukum Islam di Indonesia pada Masa Penjajahan Belanda: Kebijakan Pemerintahan Kolonial, Teori Receptie in Complexu, Teori Receptie dan Teori Receptie A Contrario atau Teori Receptie Exit”. Komunike Vol. 11, No. 1 (Juni 2019).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Asy-Syir'ah : Jurnal Ilmu Syari'ah dan Hukum by Faculty of Sharia and Law, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
